Symbolism,Characterization, and Faith in Hawthornes...

Symbolism,Characterization, and Faith in Young Goodman Brown Faith is believing what you can’t see or touch. Faith is knowing something especially when there is no proof to back it up. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a story about a man who leaves his wife, Faith, home alone for a night while he journeys with the devil down the road of temptation. During the course of his journey, the man sees many people who seem out of place, including his wife. When he returns home to Salem, he is a changed man. In this story, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism and characterization in order to imply that when an individual loses faith in the goodness of mankind, that individual may conclude that mankind (including friends and family) has given in†¦show more content†¦Later in the journey Brown offers his faith as the last reason to abort his walk with the devil: Well, then, to end the matter at once,... there is my wife, Faith. It would break her dear little heart; and Id rather break my own! (214). At this point his faith is still more important to him than his own life. Later, just after doubting whether there really is a Heaven, Browns trust in his faith is changed as he imagines that even Faith is traveling along the same road of temptation. He exclaims, My Faith is gone! There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given(217). Goodman Browns faith in humanity is completely destroyed. He concedes the earth and all mankind to the devil. At the end of the story Hawthorne shows that Browns love for his Faith is damaged forever: ...he shrank from the bosom of Faith, and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled, and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife and turned away(221). The journey had changed Browns relationship with Faith, because it changed his faith in mankind. Hawthorne uses characterization to imply that when individuals lose their faith in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to imagine that their peers have yielded to temptation. The journey through the woods changes Browns thoughts about the goodness ofShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The House Of Usher2041 Words   |  9 Pagesquite popular today. One of Hawthorne’s most popular short stories include the writing of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† What makes Hawthorne so progressive in today’s literary world is the fact that he makes a smooth transition from symbolism to allegory in his writings. Edgar Allan Poe uses a more gothic style of writing that gives his science fiction literature unique character. One of Poe’s more popular stories is â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† in which he uses deep symbolism and imagery to tell the storyRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne1273 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter, views, and faith. Although all parents try their best to successfully raise their children, even the most perfect of families cannot hide their deep, dark secrets forever. Raised as a Puritan, Nathaniel Hawthorne grew up with a devout family intensely immersed in religion. As he matured, Hawthorne discovered that his seemingly pious family was disturbingly flawed, a discovery that would radically change his life. In his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan family secretsRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1324 Words   |  6 Pages(Tarantino). In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Brown is the righteous man following a path beset on all sides by evil. Hawthorne utilizes the fictional elements of symbolism, characterization, and setting to discuss the story’s theme of temptation of the wrong choices over the right. This story is based in Hawthorne’s home town Salem. The story is about a man’s j ourney through a forest where he is intercepted by the devil on his way to a black mass. Goodman Brown is torn between continuingRead More How Young Goodman Brown Became Old Badman Brown Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesmost of his stories, such as The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance, and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Today, readers still appreciate Hawthornes work for its storytelling qualities and for the moral and theological questions it raises. Nathaniel Hawthornes work is typically fraught with symbolism, much of it deriving from his Puritan ancestry; relatives of his were judges in the Salem witchcraft trials. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an allegory whose characters play a major role in conveying the reoccurringRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown989 Words   |  4 Pages Olivia Kim AP Literature Short Fiction Essay In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1835 allegorical, short fiction â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† innocent, young Puritan of Salem Village, young Goodman Brown willingly leaves his wife and religion Faith and enters the dark forest, where he experiences a radical encounter that alters his ways of life. Throughout this short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne reveals man’s inherent nature to stray and sin, due to man’s corruption of morality. Human fallibility, evenRead More Poe’s The Black Cat and Hawthorn’s Young Goodman Brown Essay672 Words   |  3 PagesPoe’s The Black Cat and Hawthorn’s Young Goodman Brown In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne analyzes the Puritans’ consciousness and the hidden wickedness of their nature. He takes a naà ¯ve Puritan man and takes him on a journey into the dark forest to meet an old man whom we presume, is the devil. As the naà ¯ve Puritan embarks on his journey, his wife Faith kisses him good bye. The Puritan has an overwhelming feeling of guilt as he is entering the forest to meet with the Devil. He realizedRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery925 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Wayne Gillard II Professor C. 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Later that night Brown discovers to his amazement, that many exemplary villagers are on the same path including, GoodyRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe process of change. So-called initiation novels, such as David Copperfield, Huckleberry Finn and the Great Gatsby, are examples. In each case the author has arranged the events of the plot so that they reveal the slow and painful maturing of the young protagonist coming into contact with the world of adult experience. Static characters leave the plot as they entered it, largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor ones, because the author’s principal

The Is A Gang And His Article Develops A Convincing Argument

Ludeke believes MLO is a gang and his article develops a convincing argument. According to the STEP Act, a gang is: Any ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons . . . having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more of the criminal acts enumerated in paragraphs (1) to (25), inclusive, or (31) to (33), inclusive, of subdivision (e), having a common name or common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity. (Ludeke, 2007). MLO has more than three members, their primary activity is to protect their turf by any means necessary, and they have shown this resolve by committing â€Å"assault with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury and intimidation of witness and victims† (Ludeke, 2007). They have a common name and its members have collectively engaged in a pattern of gang activity by committing the crimes already mentioned. Based on this, MLO meets the criteria of a gang and not only could the sheriff’s depa rtment prosecute MLO’s crimes as gang related, but they could also seek to obtain civil injunctions against them. It is hard to imagine that a group meeting all the characteristics of what makes a criminal street gang as described in the STEP Act, would not be prosecuted as such. Law enforcement’s failure to identify MLO as a gang begs the question, if this was not Malibu, if these kids were notShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics Of A Criminal Street Gang1212 Words   |  5 Pagesin the group’s actions. This research paper, based on Brian Ludeke’s journal article, will show that just as Ludeke states, MLO fits the characteristics of a criminal street gang. 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He is not loyal to his friends. 4. Which word describes all of the â€Å"Juvie Three†? m. musical n. changing o. trusting Read MoreMedia Propaganda9887 Words   |  40 Pagesof  political science  at  Takshashila University  and a prime minister of the  Maurya Empire  in  ancient India, discusses propaganda in detail, such as how to spread propaganda and how to apply it in  warfare. His student  Chandragupta Maurya  (c. 340 - 293 BC), founder of the Maurya Empire, employed these methods during his rise to power.[17]  The writings of  Romans  such as  Livy  (c. 59 BC - 17 AD) are considered masterpieces of pro-Roman propaganda.[citation needed]  Another example of early propaganda would be theRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUnported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for exampleRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageshe divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare time he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in Civil Engineering at Cal Tech. JAY DEVORE earned his undergraduate degree in Engineering Science from the University of California at Berkeley, spent a year at the University of Shefï ¬ eld in England, and ï ¬ nished his Ph.D. in statistics

Care for our environment Free Essays

Care for our environment Albert Einstein once said â€Å"Look deep into the nature and you will understand everything better. † Save your environment because it is a place where you live and do whatever you want to. I get a lot of questions these days about going green. We will write a custom essay sample on Care for our environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most common of those questions is â€Å"Why should I Care for the environment? † The problem is this hasn’t been raised by people who love recycling an organic food but from people who think recycling and buying organic food is Just futile and an utter waste of time. Let me explain some simple reasons to save our environment. Firstly†¦ ow the world your good side. The impact we have on the environment today will make a big difference on the future generation. Your attitude towards the environment shows your personality. I f you are a person who doesn’t care for the environment, it shows that you are an irresponsible person. Secondly nobody likes to live in an atmosphere filled with smog. It becomes hard to breathe and it causes a number of health problems which ultimately leads to death. Thirdly beautiful parks and beaches are scintillating to the mind and body. Unfortunately these have been destroyed by the mankind itself. As a result these gifts of nature are becoming more of a past memory and less of a reality. Last but not the least, human race isn’t going to die out anytime soon. But we are using up our resources faster than we can replenish them. If we continue at the same place, we are eventually going to run out of fossil fuels, trees, drinking water etc. So remember, a green world is a better world. So let us Join hands and strive towards building a greener and better place to live in and let’s make the future generation proud of what we did for them. How to cite Care for our environment, Papers

Fruit and Vegetables Market in India free essay sample

The fruit and vegetable market is taken to be the sale to consumers of fresh fruit and fresh vegetables, including potatoes. Fresh fruit and fresh vegetables are the two main sectors of the market. Fresh fruit includes products such as apples and pears, bananas, berries, grapes, tropical fruits, stone fruits and citrus fruits. The vegetables sector includes products such as salad vegetables, potatoes, root vegetables, etc. This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in retailing fresh fruits and vegetables. The fruit and vegetable industry is highly decentralized in India. The diverse agro-climatic zones make it possible to grow almost all varieties of fresh fruits and green vegetables in India. Fig 1. World Fruit and Vegetable Production India is the second largest producer of fresh vegetables in the world (ranks next to China) and accounts for about 15% of the world’s production of vegetables and nearly 12% of world fruit production. The major fruits grown are banana, mango, citrus, guava, grapes, apple and pineapple which constituted nearly 80 per cent of the total fruit production in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Fruit and Vegetables Market in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Banana has the largest share of 31. 7 per cent in total fruit production, followed by mango with 28 per cent. Since liberalization and withdrawal of excise duty on fruit and vegetable products there has been significant rise in the growth rate of the industry. The growth can also be accounted for an increase in the area under cultivation. The total area under vegetable and fruit cultivation rose by 4 per cent to 14. 84 million hectares in 2010-11 from 14. 31 million hectares in the year-ago period. Year2009 – 20102010 – 2011Percent increase Fruits (million tonnes)71. 5175. 826% Vegetables (million tonnes)133. 3137. 683% Fig 2. Increase in production of fruits and vegetables Volumes are calculated from per capita availability and mid-year populations, where availability denotes the quantities sold (or otherwise available) to consumers without regard to whether the produce is physically consumed or not. Values are calculated from the total volume consumed and the retail p rice per kg. The turnover of the total food market (fruits vegetables) is approximately Rs. 250,000 crores (US$ 69. 4 billion). **Note: Processed and preserved fruit and vegetables, including juices, frozen and canned products, are excluded. The demand for processed fruits and vegetables comes from both the domestic and export markets. In the domestic market, a substantial share is contributed by defence, hotels and restaurants. Household consumption accounts for less than 50 per cent of the production. The sector can be mainly divided into two categories, namely, †¢Unorganised Sector: Markets where fruits vegetables are sold in open spaces, like, mandis, bazaars, etc. †¢Organised Sector: Markets where fruits and vegetables are sold in establishments, like, shops, retails stores, etc. The major fruit producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Gujarat. These eight states account for 70 per cent of the area under fruit cultivation and 78 per cent of the total fruit production. **Note: The share for the unorganised sector is 98-99%, leaving only 1-2% for the organised sector. Fruits Vegetable Market in India India being one of the leading countries in terms of production consumption has certain characteristics which are different from other countries. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world next only to China and accounts for about 16% of the world’s production of vegetables and 10% of world’s fruits production. Some of the characteristics related to fruits and vegetable markets are as follows- †¢Perishable nature of products: Fruits vegetables are perishable in nature and it cannot be stored for a long time. Some items like potato, onion, ginger etc are semi perishable but mostly all vegetables need to store in cold storage even for its short life. Seasons of production: The production depends on whether conditions, soil conditions and many other factors like timely seed plantation, plant protection etc. So production is highly unpredictable in nature †¢Bulkiness of products: The bulkiness of the fresh produce adds to the transportation, handling and packaging charges. Along with makes it prone to pre and post harvest damages in the supply chain accounting up to the exte nt of 20-40 percent. †¢Quality variation of products: Quality maintenance is quite difficult as farmers are dependent on soil condition less aware of the guidelines to maintain uniformity. Irregular supply of products: Season and non-planned insufficient production creates gluts and shortages in the market.

Pricing Strategy For International T-Shirts Essays - Marketing

Pricing Strategy For International T-Shirts PRICING STRATEGY FOR INTERNATIONAL II T-SHIRTS RATIONALE Sigma Alpha Epsilon is a national fraternity that is subsequently found on campus at the University of West Florida. This fraternity is well - known for having large parties in which the entire campus of students is invited. At the larger parties, the frat prints up tee shirts that depict the partys theme as well as a catchy slogan that all in attendance are urged to buy. This fund raiser accounts for a good portion of the fraternitys finances. The fund raiser chair delegate is in charge of all the operations that come with designing and preparing these shirts to be sold to the general public. In order for the fundraiser to be successful, a well thought out pricing strategy must be applied. Because the design committee for the fraternity works strictly for the well being of the cause, a design is constructed and voted on without a labor charge. Once the design is on paper, the SAE fundraising delegate takes the design to local print shops that specialize in putting these designs on to shirts. An appraisal is made, and the delegate decides which company he is going to go through keeping in mind quality as well as price. Making sure he chooses a company whose shirts will stand up to the test of college students as well as be inexpensive enough to where it can be afforded by these students, he makes his decision. In this paper I will take you through step by step the process of constructing a personalized tee shirt for sale in a fund-raising effort. I will focus on potential consumers, costs of production, and profit. To summarize all this, I am going to find out if producing these tee shirts will be a worthwhile investment. To do this, I am going to go through all the steps in making these tee shirts available to the consumers with the exception of actually materializing them. POTENTIAL CONSUMERS Being the SAE Fundraising Chair delegate, It is my duty to take into consideration the potential buyers of this shirt and decide if it is worth designing and selling the shirts. First off, the theme parties that the organization throws for the public usually draw between three hundred and eight hundred people. This figure is based on the number of people that come through the door on the given night as opposed to the amount that are in attendance at one point in time. Realizing that the party in mind for these tee shirts will be the final party at the fraternity house as well as the last party of the semester, SAE anticipates a record - breaking attendance. Also keeping in mind that not everyone can either afford or desire to own one of the shirts, a safe number of one hundred shirts will be purchased and up for sale at the night of the occasion. This number is considered a safe investment for the fact that there are a total of thirty-eight active members of the fraternity who are wi lling to purchase a tee shirt. This leaves only sixty-two more shirts that have to be sold within a potential one thousand-person audience. I will also reserve the right to the design providing the shirts are a hit and demand is high enough to have more printed up. COSTS OF PRODUCTION To figure out what the overall costs of producing these shirts for the International II. theme party, we must first take a look at what these shirts design will consist of. The tee shirts will be plain white and short sleeve with a small logo on the front right side and a large design on the back of the shirt. On the front right of the shirt will depict the Greek letters SAE in bold and large letters. Underneath these letters will appear the caption: First Annual International II Party. On the opposite side of the shirt will be a large design of the anticipated functions of the occasion. This will also contain a caption that will read I was there and really cant remember if you were! These shirts will be 50% cotton and 50% polyester. The finest quote I received that fulfilled

Trust in John Carpenters THE THING essays

Trust in John Carpenter's THE THING essays In John Carpenters The Thing, trust in desperate times is a major theme. The movie is set up like its own experiment, testing the reactions of a crew when an alien moves among its ranks, disguised as one of them. The men, who have been living together and became friends, immediately lose trust in one another. Their response to the lack of trust among friends is tested throughout the film, each crew member showcasing a different response. The many different responses cannot be analyzed without giving the plot away, but the few chosen in the paper are the major ones. These events show that trust is an incredibly important factor in any relationship. Without trust, you quickly lose things such as security and optimism. The lack of trust makes every interaction between two people suspicious, and more problems can stem from there. Trust is the most important part of a healthy relationship. The affective component of trust is some kind of feeling of security, hopefulness or optimism (Miller). Whether it be friendly or romantic, trust in any relationship cannot be replaced. If one friend cannot rely on another to be truthful, then it is impossible to place confidence in that friend in future situations. A good example of the importance of trust amongst friends is shown in John Carpenters The Thing. In The Thing, two scientists and a team of 10 helpers have set up camp in Antarctica. All radio communication has been lost, so they have no access to the outside world. They stumble upon a neighboring research community, burnt to the ground. There, they see what looks like a crashed spaceship buried deep within the ice. Back at their home base, a stray dog they picked up turns into a gruesome, shapeless monster, and kills a few of their sled dogs. The team finds it while it is morphing into a dog imitation, and kills it with a flamethrower. One of the doctors examines it, and looks at what ...

Critically Evaluate the Reasons for the Rise in Position of Apple Essay

Critically Evaluate the Reasons for the Rise in Position of Apple Brandin the Best Global Brands in 2011 - Essay Example Though others consider it to be time consuming and sometimes frustrating, strategic planning has been found to lead to quality decision making if applied effectively (Westphal & Frederickson, 2001, p.1113). This essay tries to find the possible determinants of the positional rise to 8th position of the apple brand in the global brands. Moreover, the rise in position has been linked closely to effective strategic planning hence, some of the tools used in strategic planning have been analyzed and justification for the choice of each tool given. Introduction According to Tapinos, Dyson & Meadows (2005, p.370) recently the topic of strategic planning has drawn a lot of discussions focusing on its effective implementation and the possible outcomes. The subject has attracted both empirical and theoretical exploration as entrepreneurs try to seek more information regarding it. Effective planning has been associated to improved performance, successful implementation and good decision making. Organizations are facing difficult times due to new technologies, market and economic changes globalization and deregulation. Consequently, all these activities call for the application of proper business techniques and the adoption of appropriate planning tools. Although some people may argue that strategic planning has its own ineffectiveness, the advantages that come along with it are overwhelming (Falshaw, Glaister & Tatoglu, 2006, p.9). Strategic planning allows an organization to understand itself by analyzing its vision and objectives in detail. If it is appropriately implemented, it will enable an organization to realize its full potential. Some of the tools employed in planning strategically are discussed below. Tools for Strategic Planning The SWOT analysis tool is the most commonly employed tool to help an organization determine its possible position within the industry of its operation. SWOT refers to the analysis of an organization’s strengths, its weaknesses, a vailable opportunities and finally threats that are facing it (Lyles, Baird, Orris & Kuratko, 2000, p.38). First is to determine the internal position of an organization by assessing its strengths and possible weaknesses. Strengths refer to the most effective skills that are employed by an organization in the attainment of its vision. Some of such skills include employees of high expertise and advanced technology. On the other hand weaknesses are those things that hinder a firm from attaining its full potential such as functional areas’ conflicts and production costs which are very high (Meers & Robertson, 2007, p.303). Brews & Purohit (2007, p.68) asserts that having analyzed its internal position, an organization needs to understand its external position by analyzing the available opportunities and its external threats. Opportunities refer to the currently available or possible future circumstances that are likely to provide a favorable environment for the firm’s gro wth. They include conditions such as completion decrease, market population increase and favorable legislation. On the other hand, threats refer to the currently available or future environmental conditions which are likely to provide unfavorable environment for a firm’s growth such as, unfavorable legislation and new product-development by competitors. An effective SWOT analysis provides an organization with a clear picture of its

Human security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human security - Essay Example The author believes that the deeper understanding on the ideas will be attained by examining the opposing and concordant views on human security. The articles reviewed have become as compelling as they present realistic and eye-opener accounts, yet antithetical in some degree. Overview of Chandler’s Work The article by David Chandler entitled, Human Security: The Dog That Didn’t Bark provides an important revelation on the â€Å"deconstruction of myth that human security shows a typical conflict between the state and the individual security† (Owen 2008). Chandler’s article is based on the analysis of the two books namely, Human Security: Concepts and Implications written by Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh & Anuradha M. Chenoy and A Decade of Human Security: Global Governance and New Multilateralisms written by Mclean, Black & Shaw. Chandler started his argument through citing the idea that global policy making overbearingly suggests two different views. One view poi nted out the construal of the dynamics of the society’s power relationships and inequalities, as well as insecurities. The other view pertained to the idea of identifying the interrelatedness, interconnection, and susceptibilities of security threats and the urgency for composite, cooperative, human-centered answers. Chandler’s First Argument While Tadjbakhsh and Chenoy claimed that human, as well as the state, should work interdependently, Chandler (2008) conceded that human and the state are indivisible, yet gave consideration to the importance of examining the problem that transpires regarding the state’s collaboration of its idea outside of its absolute model. Chandler ended up criticizing that the authors are more involved with advocacies instead of the evaluation of definite process of human security. Chandler’s first argument stated that â€Å"human security exaggerates new post-cold war security threats† (Chandler 2008, 435). This argument is compelling as it contradicts to the paradigm of human security. The author contended that one of the prevailing reasons why the human security has been applied wrongly by the state is because it overstated the post-cold war security threats. Chandler (2008) claimed that with the absence of conventional adversaries like terrorists, human security processes close the gap securitization issue like environmental, health, and economic security. Nevertheless, inquiry is not about how these issues are securitized but rather it is more important to evaluate the result of these actions. Since Chandler declined to elaborate the result of these actions, it is safe to assume that he falls short of accusing Tadjbakhsh and Chenoy for not considering the connection between normative theory and policy procedures. Chandler’s Second Argument Further, Chandler (2008, 435) argued that â€Å"human security advocates locate these threats in the developing world.† While there are other pa rt of the developed countries, which also have security problems, advocates can also be considered as correct since majority of the people who experienced security problems like extreme poverty are located in developing countries. These people are more vulnerable that is why it has given more attention. In contrast, Chandler (2008) argued that the causal link of human security processes in a globalized world do not exist at all is somewhat questionable since the actual connection solely depends on what dependent variable is utilized. As what Paris (2001) suggests,

Corporate risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate risk management - Essay Example Each region or country has their own rules and regulations to be followed. There are many additional features like giving financial protection against theft of the vehicle or possible damage to the vehicle. It is illegal for any person to run their vehicle in the road without any motor insurance. Most of the jurisdiction are applied both to the drivers well as to the car, though degree of severity varies. There are many countries where there is a scheme like â€Å"pay-as-you-drive†. Here the driver has to pay the premiums through the gasoline tax that he uses. Using this both the problem get solved, one like charging the uninsured motorists and another is to charge them based on the number of miles. This increases the efficiency of the insurance through streamline collection. But associated with it is the risk of insurance companies charging higher premiums than others. But being a compulsory thing, the motor man sometimes faces the risk of paying higher insurance in cases if he doesn’t get any options. Discussion The manager here owns a fleet of motor vehicles. The problem here is that the motor insurer has given them a premium quotation which appears to be high to them. Hence the manger has to look for alternative course of action. The manager must look for other motor insurance provide. The manager must know what the options available to him in the market are, like he can go to any brokerage house where there is a number of insurance provider tied up with them. Manager must understand the features offered by the insurance provider (Frenkel, Dufey, Hommel and Rudolf, 2005, p. 543). There are several basic features which he needs to look at. Like the Liability Only Policy. This type of insurance policy covers the liabilities of insure towards third parties only. It is mandatory for the each and every vehicle which runs in any the public place as per the Motor Vehicles Act of any country. Next important step is the Package Policy. This states that for any loss or any damage to the vehicle insured it will be covered subject to the terms and conditions to the policy. The manager must understand that premiums are calculated on various factors like type, usage, model, place of registration, past claims of history etc. of the vehicle under consideration. Hence the approach should be known to him (Vinnem, 2007, p. 32). He must understand that while buying a fresh new insurance during the renewal he can go for other companies who provide the insurance. The manager must also know that if the premium is charged too high he can go to the insurance provider and ask for the exact details of the components where the money is being charged high. He must mention whether the vehicle runs on Gas or on Petrol because each of them will have a different cost attached to it (Khatta, 2008, p. 241). Hence the manager should understand the fact that there is a risk of moving from one insurer to another new insurer. For any new client the motor car insurance provider will check what is the vehicles damage, what is the cc of the car and accordingly quote the premium. But it might happen that government may increase tax rate which is applicable to the motor insurance. And as a result the premium may again rise (Merkin and Smith, 2004, p. 387). Hence the manger has to consult many insurance providers at the same time and assess the risk by discussing with them. There are many steps to assess the risk. First step is to identify hazard, here the managers must know

Human rights institutions

Human rights institutions Introduction AIDS and HIV affect the lives of every human being, from those who are HIV-positive, those who know someone who is infected and those non-infected people. This is because, once AIDS and HIV hit, it will in directly or directly influences aspects of our life. As a matter of fact, AIDS is the only health concern in the world that has its own United Nations agency, also known as UNAIDS. However, apart from the work of the United Nations and its several organs does, there are several other international organisations that operate in the worldwide fight against AIDS and HIV. Examples of these international organisations are the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the African Union (AU). The United Nations The United Nations does not only contribute to the fight against AIDS and HIV by supply financial, technical and human resources to UNAIDS organisation only, but also coordinate a collaboration of projects and schemes through the majority of the UN agencies. These organisations all have their own particular international responses to reverse the spread of AIDS and HIV virus. Such illustrations are these international organisations: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food expenditure in Sub-Saharan African has dropped by forty per cent in rural villages because of the AIDS and HIV virus. As stated by Marcela Villarreal who is a FAO and AIDS specialist Food is the first medicine for HIV/AIDS and often the only medicine as tragic as it is to be orphaned, it is very different being orphaned at 15 years of age than being orphaned at 7. If parents could live a few more years, they could take their children to the fields and teach them by doing.[1] In brief, parents cannot pass on the agricultural trade to their children, if their children are already orphaned by the age they could learn and understand. For this reason, FAO is working on the issue that everyone should have access to food. Food and agricultural are two vital issues for AIDS and HIV prevention, because malnutrition will increase body infections and spread AIDS-related illnesses in communities where extreme poverty reigns. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Based in Vienna, IAEA is operating to provide the technological expertise and the know-how to underdeveloped countries in regards to health and food nourishment. In 2005 the IAEA and its Director Dr. Mohammed El Baradei won the Nobel Peace Prize for the prevention of nuclear energy being used for military intentions instead for peaceful measures and goals. Therefore, IAEA decided to distribute the Nobel Peace Prize with the whole world by establishing the IAEA Nobel Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund. This fund sponsor knowledgeable experts and research related to aid infant malnutrition and health in developing countries. Over the years the IAEA has supported numerous activities in infant nutrition where stable isotope techniques have been applied. These include projects to measure human milk intake in breast-fed infants, lean body mass (muscle mass) in lactating mothers, and bioavailability of iron in infants and young children.[2] International Labour Organisation (ILO) As stated by Juan Somavia, Director of ILO HIV/AIDS is a major threat to the world of work: it is affecting the most productive segment of the labour force and reducing earnings, and it is imposing huge costs on enterprises in all sectors through declining productivity, increasing labour costs and loss of skills and experience.[3] Concisely, employment plays a crucial role in AIDS and HIV prevention, because there are several matters that indirectly affect the livelihoods of human beings who are HIV-positive, such as: sexual discrimination, child labour and universal fundamental human rights. Thus, if there are more people who are not infected by AIDS or HIV, they can find a decent job sustain themselves and their family and thus in the end they are economically contributing the society and increasing the economic wealth. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Based in Geneva, UNAIDS is an innovative joint venture of the United Nations family, bringing together the efforts and resources of ten UN system organizations in the AIDS response to help the world prevent new HIV infections, care for people living with HIV, and mitigate the impact of the epidemic.[4] As a result since 2000, AIDS become an international health concern when the UN Security Council approved Resolution 1308, following this event; a series of achievements became apparent about the importance to reverse the spread of AIDS and HIV for instance the 2000 Millennium Development Goals, the 2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the 2006 Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS.[5] UNAIDS is also working in partnership with UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, ILO, UNESCO, WHO, World Bank, NGOs, MNCs and governments to put to an end AIDS by the year 2015. Office for the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) In 2001, the UN General Assembly ratified the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, as part of the programme to fight AIDS and HIV by promoting universal human rights on a domestic, regional and international level. Annex 1 of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/ AIDS states that [T]he full realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all is an essential element in a global response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, including in the areas of prevention, care, support and treatment, and [] it reduces vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and prevents stigma and related discrimination against people living with or at risk of HIV/AIDS.[6] These universal human rights consist of health, gender equality, basic education and decent employment, which all play a significant role to fight AIDS and HIV epidemic. Therefore, if these human rights are not respected, human beings are vulnerable to be infected by this pandemic disease. United Nation Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) UNIFEMs procedure is targeted to help women and young girls combating AIDS and HIV from sexual relations, have access to reproductive health, by promoting maternal health and preventing mother to child transmissions. This is because gender inequality and violations of womens rights make women and girls particularly susceptible, leaving them with less control than men over their bodies and their lives. Women and girls often have less information about HIV and fewer resources to take preventive measures. They face barriers to the negotiation of safer sex, including economic dependency and unequal power relations.[7] Thus, UNIFEM forefront approach is reducing aggression and discrimination against women, improving women decision-making power and decreasing the household burden women carry on their own, especially when it comes to taking care of HIV-positive relatives while continuing to manage their household and working full-time. United Nations Childrens Emergency Fund (UNCEF) AIDS and HIV has radically altered the perspective of Sub-Saharan African children on how they view the world, especially if they are orphaned at a young age with nowhere to go and no one to feel belong to. As a result, UNICEF launched its response to prevent the transmission of AIDS and HIV particularly among children is by encouraging thefour Ps guide, which are preventing mother-to-child transmission, providing paediatric care, preventing infection among adolescents and protecting children affected by AIDS.[8] The 2005 campaign Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS was aimed to do away with the situation that few children reach beyond their fifth birthday, because of child mortality, inadequate medical care and lack of primary education. UNICEF isnt just seeking to eliminate AIDS among children, but according to Mr. Jimmy Kolker UNICEF Chief of HIV/AIDS and Associate Director of Programmes, UNICEFs goal is to eliminate the need for that treatment by seeing an AIDS-free generation .[9] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP is undertaking the responsibility to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and reduce its impact. As a trusted development partner, and co-sponsor of UNAIDS, it helps countries put HIV/AIDS at the centre of national development and poverty reduction strategies; build national capacity to mobilize all levels of government and civil society for a coordinated and effective response to the epidemic; and protect the rights of people living with AIDS, women, and vulnerable populations.[10] UNDP is currently concentrating on AIDS in relation to development planning and mainstreaming; governance of AIDS responses; international law, human rights, gender equality such as sexual minorities, public health and development partnerships, basic education and maternal and child morality.[11] United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) UNESCO is working to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV around the world, by eradicating the social and cultural barriers and put forward on its international agenda the issue of universal education. This is because by increasing [the] role of education sectors is also a recognition that a good education is one of the most effective ways of helping young people to avoid HIV/AIDS.[12] Education is the basic foundation of every human being. Without education, human beings are more prone to be vulnerable to AIDS and HIV and that particular individual cannot develop the knowledge of trade so that anyone can economically stable. On the other hand, through its programme The Cultural Approach to HIV and AIDS Prevention and Care UNESCO is continuing to eliminate cultural ignorance of the local citizens to help them combat the stigma and discrimination that surrounds AIDS and HIV. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) As stated by Achim Steiner, Executive Director of the UNEP, UNEP as the principal UN body in the field of the environment, recognizes that human well-being is the focus of environment and sustainable development issues. Tackling poverty, promoting gender equality and combating HIV/AIDS are all linked to environmental sustainability; just as environmental sustainability is an essential component of achieving all the UN Millennium Development Goals.[13] In fact, developing countries were the least countries emitting greenhouse gas emissions, but they were the most affected by climate change due to desertification, lack of rain and drought. The environment erected a barrier towards AIDS and HIV prevention since there was the lack of food storage among African citizens. Thus, this is why, UNEP is contributing its share to compensate African countries which are the most badly affected by the issue of climate change. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Refugees around the world are more prone to be infected by AIDS and HIV because of ethnic conflict, dislocation, food insecurity and extreme poverty.[14] Food insecurity is the major cause for the fleeing of thousands of refugees to neighbouring countries for shelter and a chance to have a better life. However, refugees who leave their homeland, because of racial clashes often take whatever they have in hand to escape. Once they are in another region they are in deeper poverty because they do not have sufficient money to start a new life and thus they end up living in slum areas and relying on begging in order to get something to eat. Therefore, UNHCR is operating on the notion of food insecurity is the result for the spread of AIDS and HIV since human beings especially women against their wish turn to sex work as a means to economically sustain themselves. United Nations Human Settlements Programmes (UN-Habitat) UN-Habitat is working together with local and international policy-makers to improve this lies of people living both in urban and rural areas. These measure which include improved water and sanitation facilities, enhance the lives slum dwellers, eliminate extreme poverty and encourage sustainable development. Dr. Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka Executive Director of UN-Habitat, stated that in order to prevent the continuation of the spread of AIDS and HIV, one needs to first focus on the goal to have secure shelter, because without a secure home, and a caring family and community, it was difficult, if not impossible, to provide health care and effective counselling to those afflicted.[15] In other words, UN-Habitat has the responsibility to prevent AIDS and HIV, by first tackling the issue of safe housing particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where there are a lot of homeless people due to extreme poverty. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) UNODC is in charge on the issue to prevent AIDS and HIV epidemic among injecting drug users and in prison settings around the world especially in the Sub-Saharan region. Therefore, the UNODC is mainstreaming HIV and AIDS into its activities at the national, regional and global levels, and is helping States and civil society organizations to develop and implement comprehensive HIV and AIDS prevention and care programmes for injecting drug users.[16] Also, with the slogan Think AIDS, before you start, before you shoot, before you share, the UNODC is aiming to increase awareness and knowledge on the dangers of illegal substances and their relation to AIDS and HIV viruses especially among adolescents. This is because, it is estimated that there are around 16 million drug users globally and there is the possibility that one in five are HIV-positive.[17] United Nations Population Fund (UNPFA) UNPFAs responsibility is to promote prevention of AIDS and HIV among all genders and all generations, because UNPFA considers AIDS and HIV as an international humanitarian crisis that affects every human being around the globe. These are mainly done by distributing contraceptives and knowledge of birth control among women, refugees and young people, advertising universal access to health especially anti-retroviral drugs, gender equality, respect for human rights and eliminate abject poverty. UNPFA view the role of women as a key factor towards the progress of AIDS and HIV prevention. In fact, as stated by Ms. Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive Director of UNFPA Women who have been affected by the epidemic are the real experts in the response to HIV Their experience allows them to give concrete, practical, down-to-earth advice. But their participation must continue beyond an advisory role. Women should also have more say in budgetary decisions.[18] World Food Programme (WFP) Like FAO and UNHCR, WFP is tackling the issue of food security as a root for AIDS and HIV prevention. Famine in Sub-Saharan African countries has forces local citizens to turn into piracy, crime and prostitution to feed themselves and their family. This is why WFP is working to distribute food as food is the forefront means against the battle of AIDS and HIV disease. According to James T. Morris, Executive Director of WFP, he believes that Existing therapies require sound nutrition. Adequate food is essential for prolonging the lives of parents and enabling them to have a few more precious weeks, months or maybe even years to work and spend time with their families. Perhaps we cannot give them hope for a cure, but we can give them time.[19] In other words, Sub-Saharan African people, apart from decent supply of medicines and drugs they are in need more of good quality of food. World Health Organisation (WHO) WHO is at the front position in regards to the wellbeing and health of citizens of those who are HIV-positive, are affected by AIDS and HIV or are in danger to be infected by this pandemic disease. Moreover, WHO strategic plan to prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS are by facilitate inhabitants to know their HIV status, enlarge the health divisions towards the continuation of AIDS and HIV prevention, increase the development of HIV treatment, support and care, improve and enlarge health procedure, Invest in premeditated knowledge and awareness for better education in regards to AIDS and HIV response.[20] These five important guidelines will help to give a better life to patients suffering from AIDS or HIV. Policies of the African Union African Union is a pan-African and inter-governmental organisation that aims to have a mutual partnership to increase affluence and peaceful relations between all African nation states. This union, which consists of thirty-five member states, is currently chaired by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of the Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The African Unions purposes in international relations is to point towards to promote unity and solidarity among African States; to coordinate and intensify cooperation for development; to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Member States and to promote international cooperation within the framework of the United Nations.[21] Above all, the African Union has various projects to put Africa on the international agenda, among these projects there are specific measures taken to eliminate the burden of malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS and HIV in Africa. These international health concerns are tackled, on an international level, with a collaboration of other international organisations such as the United Nations and the Millennium Development Goals. In order to deal with the problem of AIDS and HIV in Africa, the AU on May 2006 organised a Special Summit themed as the Universal Access to HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Services by 2010 in Abuja, Nigeria. This summit included delegations from civil society organizations, the UN and its agencies together with members of the African Union and its thirty-five AU member states. This summit started with a follow-up of the results that came out from the 2000 Declarations and Frameworks for Action on the Abuja Summit on Roll Back Malaria and the 2001 Abuja Summit on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious Diseases.[22] However, this special summit set out new goals that were: first is to re-evaluate the accomplishments made since the 2000 and the 2001 Abuja summits to make sure the AU reach the objectives, in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Second is to recognise the disparities, limitations and confrontations of the aims of the Abuja Summits and Millenni um Development Goals. Third is to ascertain new plan of action that will allow the African Union to keep a record of additional and more pragmatic route with regards to attain the mention targets. Fourth is to get hold of the improved responsibility of the African Leaders for addressing the diseases of AIDS/HIV, malaria and tuberculosis and encouraging health and wellbeing in Africa. Fifth is to intensify the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) within the framework of the New Partnership for Africas development (NEPAD) and for assessing the development towards establishing social development. And, sixth was to plan Africas Common Position to global forums such as the 2006 UNGASS on AIDS and the 2006 World Health Assembly.[23] Recently, between the 4th and the 8th of May 2009 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was launched the 4th Session of the AU Conference of Ministers of Health. The subject of this conference was Universal Access to Quality Health Services: Improve Maternal Neonatal and Child Health. The AU Conference of Ministers of Health provided an important forum for Member States, development partners and other stakeholders to, among others: review progress in health sector development, particularly universal access to services and the health-related MDGs in Africa; devise/adopt strategies for accelerated action towards more effective implementation of commitments for promotion of maternal and child health, survival and well-being in Africa; share experiences and learn from each other as concerns ongoing programmes and activities on health and development in Africa.[24] In other words, this conference shows that African states especially Sub-Saharan countries are well aware about problems in their individu al health sector, and the lack of medicine and drugs to combat HIV and other AIDS-related diseases. Therefore, this is why they are working in an alliance to achieve mutual goals. This conference also publicly introduced the AUs Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa. As well as, the African Union is also giving special attention by concentrating on the issue of AIDS and HIV among the armed forces. Furthermore, on July 2009 in Sirte, Libya during the ordinary session of the African Union launched a programme named Investing in Agriculture for Economic Growth and Food Security.'[25] Overall, all of these key procedures are taken to deal with the issue of health and wellbeing especially AIDS and HIV from an African perspective, particularly focused to help fellow Sub-Saharan African states. African policy-makers and leaders are taking considerate interest to fight AIDS and HIV from every viewpoint, because they know at firsthand about the social, cultural and economical difficulties this virus brings among their nation. Thus, this is why they are undertaking the notions of health both maternal and infant wellbeing, the local economy, national security and agricultural and food security as a serious matter. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was founded in 2002, by a mutual partnership between national governments, the civil society, bilateral and multilateral international organizations, the private sector and affected societies stand in for innovative paradigm to global health funding.[26] The Global Fund is an exclusive international public and private partnership dedicated to attracting and disbursing additional resources to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. On June 10th 2009, the Global Fund participated in the 2009 HIV/AIDS Implementers Meeting in Windhoek, Namibia, together with the U.S. Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), UNAIDS, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank and The Global Network of People living with HIV (GNP+). This meeting themed Optimizing the Response: Partnerships for Sustainability, attracted more than 1,500 representatives of governmental and non-governmental institutions related to AIDS and HIV. The scope of this conference was to implement a strategic plan and new policies for prevention that will help to stop the spread of AIDS and HIV around the world. In fact, recognizing the importance of a sustainable global AIDS response, the focus of this years meeting will be on optimizing the impact of prevention, treatment and care programs; enhancing program quality; promoting coordination among partners; and encouraging innovative responses to the pandemic.[27] Carla Bruni-Sarkozy who is Frances First Lady is currently the ambassador for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Ms. Bruni-Sarkosy is advocating the issue of mother-to-child transmission, by giving a voice on an international level for the many women and children suffering from or affected by AIDS and HIV. On September 2009, Ms. Bruni-Sarkozy delivered a speech at the UN General Assembly, to call on all world leaders to guarantee the increase of the amount of anti-retroviral drugs to HIV-positive expecting mothers. During her speech, which also attended by UN General Secretary Ban Ki-Moon, Carla Bruni-Sarkozy stated that In large parts of the world, the face of AIDS is a womans face, and often the face of a mother, a mother afraid for herself and for her child. Isnt this a major failure of our efforts to promote development, when women under treatment can better care for themselves and their families, and form the solid foundation of an entire community, an enti re economy?[28] Concisely, Bruni-Sarkozys vision is that, if African countries, with the help of Western nation states remove the barriers and start to educate women about maternal and reproductive health. This investment will build on fertile grounds, the basis of loving and supporting families which will be beneficial to the whole society and will results in better economic system that will be valuable to the whole nation. As part of World AIDS Day campaign, on 1st of December 2009, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria together with The U.S. Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief introduced another project that will mutually be providing anti-retroviral drugs to more than three million patients, around the world who live in states that have low or middle wages. PEPFAR and the Global Fund enjoy a complementary and supportive relationship in the fight against HIV and AIDS worldwide. In order to exploit synergies, PEPFAR and Global Fund-financed programs coordinate at the country level to ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively. Collaboration and coordination are crucial to the efficient use of money and for making further progress in providing AIDS treatment and care to the millions still in need.[29] In other words, both PEPFAR and the Global Fund aim to eliminate AIDS and HIV around the world by promoting preventive health care as well as anti-retroviral drugs t o patients suffering from AIDS or HIV in developed and underdeveloped countries. This is mainly done, by making the most of their available medicine to reach the vast number of people as possible, and thus change for the better the lives of the citizens. The Global Funds mission is to bring international health concerns like AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria on the international agenda so that the general public around the world can educate oneself about prevention and symptoms of such diseases. It also inform the civil society about how it badly effective underdeveloped countries such as Sub-Saharan states because of the lack of education that is available to the public. This is why, the Global Fund had launched a series of schemes and project to donate medicine and drugs in order to cure patients affected by AIDS and HIV or other related illness while educating those people who are not infected on how to prevent being contaminated by this virus. Conclusion AIDS and HIV consumes health, resources and productivity within the national and international; community. Therefore, this is why we are in need of a global response to fight AIDS and HIV illness from every aspect, because every aspect of ones life that is from education to health to housing to the national economy, affects the lives of the inhabitants especially those who are in danger to be infect by HIV or have an AIDS-related infection. Affluence plays a major role in the policy of a nation state, because the wealthier the country is, the more people can have a better standard of living and distant from any deathly disease. This is why the UN, AU and the Global Fund are bringing about the downfall of AIDS and HIV by implementing policies from every outlook. http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/11580-en.html [assessed December 2009] Kinley D. III (ed.) (2006) IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund. Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency. Page: 7. Citing Juan Somavia, Director-General of the International Labour Organisation (2001) An ILO Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work. Geneva: International Labour Office. Page: iii. http://www.unaids.org/en/AboutUNAIDS/default.asp [assessed December 2009] http://www.unaids.org/en/AboutUNAIDS/Goals/default.asp [assessed December 2009] Citing the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS from OHCHR and UNAIDS (2007) Handbook on HIV and Human Rights for National Human Rights Institutions. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Page: 3. http://www.unifem.org/gender_issues/hiv_aids/ [assessed December 2009] http://www.unicef.org/aids/index.php [assessed December 2009] Citing Mr. Jimmy Kolker UNICEF Chief of HIV/AIDS and Associate Director of Programmes from http://www.unicef.org/aids/index_51958.html [assessed December 2009] http://www.undp.org/hiv/ [assessed December 2009] http://www.undp.org/hiv/docs/UNDP%20response%20to%20AIDS_08.pdf?asset_id=1671970 [assessed December 2009] http://www.ibe.unesco.org/AIDS/doc/WorldBank_Sourcebook.pdf [assessed December 2009] http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=496ArticleID=5445l=en [assessed December 2009] http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=searchdocid=42f31d492query=aids and hiv [assessed December 2009] http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=3011catid=5typeid=6subMenuId=0 [assessed December 2009] http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/hiv-aids/ [assessed December 2009] http://www.unodc.org/docs/thinkaids/Factsheets_2009/factsheet_EN.pdf [assessed December 2009] Citing Ms. Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, Executive Director of UNFPA from http://www.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/News/pid/1141 [assessed December 2009] Citing James T. Morris, Executive Director of WFP from http://www.wfp.org/sites/default/files/First%20Line%20of%20Defense%20English.pdf [assessed December 2009] http://www.who.int/hiv/aboutdept/en/index.html [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/summit.htm [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/summit.htm [assessed December 2009] http://www.africa-union.org/root/UA/newsletter/publication%2040%20may%202009.pdf [assessed December 2009] http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2009/20090702_African_Union.asp [assessed December 2009] http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/partnership/?lang=en [assessed December 2009] http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pressreleases/?pr=pr_090611 [assessed December 2009] Citing Ms. Carla Bruni-Sarkozy, First Lady of France from http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pressreleases/?pr=pr_090922 [assessed December 2009] http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/pressreleases/?pr=pr_091201a [assessed December 2009]

Roald Dahl: Realism and Fantasy :: essays research papers fc

The Realism and Fantasy of Roald Dahl’s, Fantastic Mr. Fox â€Å"The delightful tale of a fox who lives by poaching food from his three neighbours, Messrs. Boggis, Bunce, and Bean, three farmers – each one meaner than the other† (Telgan, Children’s Literature Review, Vol. 41, pg. 27). Mr. Fox and his family endure the hardships of attempted murder, being hunted, and starvation as the farmers resort to violence to rid themselves of Mr. Fox and preserve their livestock. Out of an undying will to survive, and out of love and concern for his family and fellow animal community, Mr. Fox, is able to valiantly burrow a subterranean tunnel into the store houses of the three farmers. The triumphant Mr. Fox invites all of the community animals for a feast and propose that they build â€Å"a little underground village† (Dahl, Mr. Fox, pg. 88), that they may never have to contend with those farmers again. All the while, Boggis, Bunce and Bean still wait on the surface for the starving fox to surface. Roald Dahl’s Fantastic Mr. Fox is a fiction which employs devices of both realism and fantasy. Realism, in literature, is defined as a genre â€Å"that attempts to persuade its readers that the created world is very like the world the readers inhabit† (University of Victoria, 1995). Contrastingly, Fantasy is defined as a genre â€Å"of fiction that pictures creatures or events beyond the boundaries of known reality† (www.hearts-ease.org, 2001). The word, genre, refers to the â€Å"types or categories into which literary works are grouped according to form, technique, or, sometimes, subject matter† (Brown, 2002). As it will be adduced in this essay, Dahl is able to utilized conventions of realism and fantasy in complementary ways that make the existence and experiences of Mr. Fox believable within a known reality, yet enable the human reader to closely identify with the animal-protagonist beyond the dictates of a known reality. Devices of Realism One device of realism in, Fantastic Mr. Fox, is the allusion to nature which conveys the life- struggle of wild animals, drawing upon all the faculties in their power to keep safe and fed. Mr. Fox â€Å"creep[s] down into the valley in the darkness of night[;] . . . approach[ing] a farm with the wind blowing in his face . . . [so] that if man were lurking . . ., the wind would carry the smell of that man to Mr. Fox’s nose from far away† (Dahl, Mr. Fox, pg. 18). While Boggis, Bunce, and Bean were attempting to dig Mr.

The women in Othello are presented by Shakespeare as victims

This question requires knowledge of how women were treated during the period ‘Othello' was written and how they are treated during modern days. When this play was written, The Jacobean era, an overwhelming amount of evidence suggests that women were treated as inferiors to men. Women would usually be viewed as pure and divine before having sexual intercourse, but afterwards, they were often treated as low down human beings. In general, they were allowed to be beaten, forced into labour and most did not have the right to an education. So the church would play an important role in everyday life for women, it was an occasion to look forward to. Every female church-goer would learn about the two biblical stereotypes for women, Mary and Eve. Mary was worshipped for being pure and flawless but Eve was castigated for her impurity and deceitfulness towards God. At the beginning of the play, Desdemona was apotheosised especially by Roderigo. She was named a white ewe in Act I, which highlighted her gentleness and purity. But similar in the way Mary and Eve are contrasted, Emilia is reified and treated as an object by Iago; this was the usual treatment for women during Jacobean times. In ‘Othello' Desdemona is introduced as a woman that contradicts the stereotype of women during Jacobean times. She is described like a goddess by many men during the play, ‘She is indeed perfection' is how Cassio describes her in Act I. Othello begins to think of her as his trophy and prized possession, but despite all the attention and praise she receives, she does not become arrogant or boastful and remains eloquent and lady-like, showing how she is worthy of being deified. Even when Othello is strangling her, he comments on her soft, white skin, he says it feels â€Å"as smooth as a monumental alabaster† This very surprising for the audience because at the point of nearly killing her he still treats her like a goddess. However, Emilia is treated as an object of no value by Iago. He often rejects her and He refuses to treat her with even a semblance of kindness. She is treated like a whore because Iago believes she has slept with another man without any hard evidence. She completes a mischievous deed for Iago, displaying her loyalty and desperation for any sort of love shown back to her. Desdemona seems to be praised a lot during the first act. But in fact, she is treated like an object. Iago says to Brabantio â€Å"Zounds Sir, you've been robbed. † This is reifying her because he is describing her like an item. Iago then mentions â€Å"The wine she drinks is made of grapes,† which is showing the audience that he has a strong belief that there is nothing special about her and she is just another possession. Desdemona is then called â€Å"A Land carrack,† which Othello has boarded. This further proves that Iago has a condescending attitude towards Desdemona and women in general. When Othello and Iago are in Venice, Iago pounces on this opportunity to tell Othello of the fallacious women of Venice. He says â€Å"In Venice they do let Heaven see the pranks they dare not show their husbands. † He says this to make Othello think of how he and Desdemona compare to this statement, preying on Othello's ignorance. Shakespeare uses a lot of animal imagery during the play, sometimes in a complimentary fashion but most often, in a degrading manor. Audience from modern times will be shocked at the amount of sexist and racist animal imagery used. Iago calls her a â€Å"White Ewe† which many will probably view as a compliment, reflecting on her innocence and gentleness. But some might view it as an insult, saying that she is common and nothing special. Even Othello uses abusive terms towards women, he says to Desdemona â€Å"thou art false as hell† highlighting his complete lack of trust for Desdemona, both as his wife and as a woman. Yet Desdemona does not say anything of an abusive nature to Othello. In ‘Othello' many people do not think of Cassio as the sexist type, he is portrayed to be well mannered and respectful up until he calls Emilia a ‘common thing'. This surprises many of the audience who thought of Cassio as the sole man in the play who respects women. But Shakespeare was obliged to do this if he wanted to show the audience that Cassio was a ‘normal' Jacobean man. This suggests that he thought it was standard for men to call women such belittling phrases. Emilia is portrayed as naive and desperate when she is first introduced, she is so distant from her husband that she has no idea of what Iago has been trying to do. The most astonishing example is that after he steals the handkerchief for Iago, she still appears to have no idea of what he is trying to do, she just wants to do â€Å"nothing but please his fantasy. † Despite being made out to be the most naive woman in the play, she is the only woman to show signs of courage and feminism in her words. One of the first moments to do this is when she refers to men as ‘stomachs'. Even more significant is when she says â€Å"husbands fault if their wives do fall. † This is one of the earliest signs of feminism, or at the very least defiance in Shakespeare's play. Bianca is the only other woman in ‘Othello' along with Emilia and Desdemona. She is at first portrayed to be a prostitute and whore, although there isn't any evidence that this is indeed her profession. The men in ‘Othello' treat her like a ‘strumpet' and a stereotype of impure women during the Jacobean times. She is able to prove her stereotype wrong by standing up to some of the abuse she takes from Iago. In a manipulative fashion, Iago tries to use the condescending view towards Bianca to his advantage. He assumes nobody will believe her or take her seriously because many of the male characters believe she is a lying and deceitful whore. So he blames the injury of Cassio and death of Roderigo on her. When talking about the incident he says â€Å"this is the fruit of whoring,† which is referring to the fact he wants people to believe it was her. This statement is about whether Shakespeare has written a misogynistic play by presenting the women as victims'. Having established how the women are treated differently and similarly in the play, we can look at a very important scene which shows how the women in the play talk about their husbands. This scene is the willow scene where they talk about events that have happened and how their husbands are behaving. Emilia says that she would do something impure and evil if it would lead to her earning money. This is because Emilia has come from a poor background where money was scarce and very precious. But in Contrast, Desdemona says she would never do such a thing because money is not so important to her due to a wealthy background, this shows She uses morals as motivation rather than money. Then, to confirm to any doubters in the audience, she says she would rather die than cheat on her husband Othello. This is a very bold action that Shakespeare uses to highlight her purity and faithfulness. Desdemona has proved many stereotypes for white, wealthy women in Jacobean times wrong; she has married a Black man and firmly stated that she believes in strong morals. This proves that she is strong enough to stand up for herself despite the abuse and criticism she receives. It would be very unusual for this to be true, not that a woman would do these things, but that she would be able to stand up to the racism and sexism of those around her. Shakespeare is very quick to use the derogatory nature of men's views on women to add extra effect to the play. For many people, he is too quick and too eager to perceive women as victims. The definition of a victim is a ‘a person who is deceived or cheated, as by his or her own emotions or ignorance, by the dishonesty of others, or has suffered from destructive or injurious action'. But Shakespeare, during Jacobean times, may not have been seen to present women as particular victims of this play. In modern day life many people will agree that he is on the border of extremity with the amount of sexism in ‘Othello' whether or not he wanted women to be victims of this play. Many people will agree that the women are victimised by Iago and the people Iago he has manipulated. Othello was an equal if not greater victim than Desdemona, not because he died but he was a victim of his own gullibility, ‘his or her own emotions or ignorance'. He did not once think of believing what Desdemona said or even placing all his trust in her, his wife. So he is a much greater victim in this play than Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca put together. Although there are an overwhelming amount of incidents to show that women have suffered from this play, Shakespeare may have hidden a few signs of feminism in what Emilia said and the way Bianca stood up against the Jacobean stereotypes. We will never know why Shakespeare wrote this play, whether it was to be derogatory towards black men or perhaps to explore the possibilities of defying the sexist and racist stereotypes of Jacobean times.

Coach †The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Essay

Abstract Fashion trends are sensitive, and customers are unpredictable. It makes fashion industry become a highly competitive market. To survive and thrive, fashion companies need distinctive strategies. It seems aspiring but not many firms can achieve. As an exception, Coach proves its success in this challenge by not walking through the same way as others rivals (e.g. Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and Hermes) have done. Coach has created a customer-focused model and a result-driven strategy to lead its business to overcome crisis and expand market. Even though there still have many challenges in the fashion sector, Coach’s strategy seems to be sustainable. Coach – The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Coach was a family-run company founded by Miles Cahn in 1941 in New York (Coach, 2012). Coach was famous for traditional crafted leather goods, but keeping the classic styles drove it to dramatically lose market share. Based on the excellent management of Chairman Lew Frankfort, Coach shifted from a conventional leather division of Sarah Lee Corp. to a fashion-oriented brand name and a customer-centric corporation (Boorstin, 2002). Coach has thrived not only in North America but also in Japan, China and other countries (Coach, 2012 & Tsukahara, 2011). Therefore, Coach’s strategy is sustainable. Successful Management in Turbulent Economic Conditions The secret formula for Coach’s success simply comprises two components. First, it is the perfect collaboration between Lew Frankfort (Chairman and CEO) and Reed Krakoff (President and Executive Creative Director). Since Frankfort took his office, he implemented several typical reforms: created customer database to examine consumer behavior, built multichannel distribution system (retail stores, factory outlets, boutiques, and online store), and hired Reed Krakoff to refresh Coach’s product design (Slywotzky, 2007). Krakoff made a revolution in Coach conventional product lines by using new materials, shapes, styles, and colors to attract more customers but not abandon its loyal fans (Slywotzky, 2007). Second, consumer-focused strategy makes Coach stand out. Based on customer information that is collected through various angles, Coach can sooner identify problems and quickly adjust. In a nutshell, Coach’s success derives from a blend of â€Å"understanding the consumer, being results-driven and at the same time anticipating when fashion is happening† (Karimzadeh, 2004). What Makes Coach Different From its Competitors? Coach chooses to operate in its own way. First is â€Å"selling luxury for the mass† (Gogoi, 2005). Coach sets product prices 50% lower than Gucci or Louis Vuitton to attract cost-conscious customers (Takahara, 2008). Coach’s numerous product lines satisfy diverse market segments based on ages, regions, and cultures. However, product quality must be maintained to be considered as luxury goods (Slywotzky, 2007). Second is the customer-driven operating model. Coach spends around five million U.S. dollars annually on market research to collect customer information through private interviews, telephone surveys, competitive analysis, and in-store product tests (Slywotzky, 2007). By putting customers into operating process from input (what customers desire) to output (product testing), Coach can modify its products to satisfy customers’ requirement or increase production of favorite products (Slywotzky, 2007). For example, Japanese customers usually commute to work, so they prefer small bags (Tsukahara, 2011). Moreover, database shows that customer usually visits store every month so Coach launches its new products monthly to attract customers and give them more new choices (Slywotzky, 2007 & Tsukahara, 2011). Third is the tight management. The executives check sales operation of each store daily and frequently review each business unit as well as the total business planning (Boorstin, 2002). Lew Frankfort even visits stores a few times a week to check their operations and directly evaluate customer responses (Slywotzky, 2007). Fourth, Coach has a flexible production process by using 100% outsourcing in 16 countries around the world (e.g. Vietnam and China), which neither Gucci nor Louis Vuitton is interested in (Karimzadeh, 2004 & Tsukahara, 2011). This also helps Coach cut off fixed costs, and reduce time consuming from production to sales operation. Fifth, Coach has a huge multichannel distribution system: 500 stores in U.S and Canada, 300 direct-operated stores in Japan, China, Singapore and the like, a set of boutiques in particular department stores and an online website coach.com (Coach, 2012). This provides more opportunities for Coach to expand business globally. Coach Strategy is Sustainable In this highly competitive market, Coach has its own weapon to be considered sustainable: understanding customers and building a solid business structure. With a huge database of 9.7 million families from different viewpoints (Slywotzky, 2007), Coach knows how to make its products fit with customer demands or even how to set reasonable prices. For example, a survey before launching the New Hamptons Lap Satchel revealed that customers were willing to pay 328$ for this product, which was 30$ higher than prediction, then Coach immediately reprinted the price tags and sales augmented (Slywotzky, 2007). Moreover, with the close management as described above, Coach runs its operation sensibly by focusing on any detailed changes in sales and customer behaviors. Besides, Coach has a diversified product category (handbag, wallet, suitcase, accessories, perfume, and clothes) with various designs and an enormous distribution channel to help Coach approach many different market segments. In an interview with Fox Business in 2011, Frankfort was confident that Coach’s strategy was sustainable in that turbulent time, he only concerned about the macro economy: the slowly irregular economic recovery might affect consumer confidence in purchasing decision. Conclusion To gain market share, Coach chooses a unique way to operate: Coach’s customer-centric model, together with the perfect combination of logic (represented by Lew Frankfort) and magic (symbolized by Reed Krakoff), help Coach thrive in such a very competitive fashion industry. Even though there might be many forthcoming challenges, Coach’s strategy is sustainable because understanding customers helps Coach identify risks sooner and respond faster. References Boorstin, J. (2002, October 28). How Coach got hot The maker of the indestructible purse finally considers style. CNNMoney. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=2f9ec3fa-9541-4044-87e1-2ddd37107d03%40sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=127&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=7567234. Coach (2012). Coach financial tear sheet. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/Tearsheet.ashx?c=122587. Gogoi, P. (2005, November 28). Selling luxury for the masses. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-28/selling-luxury-to-the-masses. Glick, A. (Interviewer) & Frankfort, L. (Interviewee) (2011). Coach evolving its base with poppy. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/3951579/coach-evolving-its-base-with-poppy/. Karimzadeh, M. (2004, March 1). Riding Coach’s express: No signs of slowdown as luxe brand zooms. Women’s Wear Daily. Retrieved from http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/riding-coach-8217-s-express-no-signs-of-slowdown-as-luxe-brand-zooms-695558?full=true. Takahara, K. (2008, September 12). Coach builds brand of affordable luxury goods. The Japan Time Online. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20080912a3.html. Tsukahara, M. (2011, November 26). A study of brand/ Coach keeps on riding high. The Daily Yomiuri. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T111121007083.htm. Slywotzky, A. J. (2007). The upside of strategic risk. In Oliver Wyman Journal. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.oliverwyman.com/pdf_files/OWJ-UpsideofStratRisk.pdf.

Pacific Grove Summary Essays

Pacific Grove Summary Essays Pacific Grove Summary Essay Pacific Grove Summary Essay The Pacific Grove Spice Company is currently searching for a new business venture that will help relieve some of the current financial restraints put on the company by their bank. Pacific Grove sources funds through this large regional bank in the form of short-term notes payable (backed by the companys accounts receivable) and long-term debt supported by the firms other assets and earnings power. The bank has been willing to lend up to 81 % of the companys accounts receivable, an amount that Pacific Grove is constantly at the limit of, due to the fact that the company has been experiencing robust growth in sales and assets. Due to the financial crisis of 2008, banks were under constant pressure to limit possible losses on loans. Pacific Groves current total debt is $37. 172 million, which is equal to 62% of its total assets and 216% of owners equity, while the companys equity multiplier is 3. 47 and its times interest earned was only 2. 15 times. Because Pacific Groves total debt is so high, the bank isnt as comfortable with lending as it once was. The bank has made it clear that it would like to Pacific Groves total debt come down to 55%, while bringing the equity multiplier down to less than 2. Times by June 30, 2012. After performing a financial ratio analysis, the executive staff and finance department of Pacific Grove has projected that although it will not meet the banks terms by 201 2, it will meet them over the next four years through a combination of a slow down from previously robust sales growth, the stabilization of operating income and a new business venture. The business venture being cons idered by Pacific Grove is a television program that the company will both produce and sponsor.

THE FOUR RIGHTEOUS CALIPHS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE FOUR RIGHTEOUS CALIPHS - Assignment Example The second caliph, Umar, continued the expansion of the Muslim state. He not only defeated the Persians but also secured Egypt from the Byzantines. Umars reign is one of the reasons the Muslim empire was so successful: he allowed people to retain their own religious beliefs. This greatly strengthened Islamic control as the increased freedom prompted not only happy citizens but also converts. The caliphates position in religious affairs was strengthened when the third caliph, Uthman b. Affan, was selected to lead the Ottoman empire. He created a governmentally-sanctioned copy of the Quran. This action was incredibly beneficial to both political and religious organization, as it not only united the Islamic empire under one, clear version of the holy scripture, but it also showed the caliphate as capable and spiritually viable. Last of the Four Righteous Caliphs Ali b. Abi Talib faced some of the most difficult challenges. Because he failed to punish Uthmans assassins in a timely manner, many of his former followers deserted him, and he was faced with civil war. He lost most control to Uthmans kinsman, Muawiya. Ultimately, Uthman and Umar are the two more successful caliphs, as they expanded the empire dramatically, gaining new converts and willing citizens. On the other hand, Abu Bakr and Ali served necessary purposes: they dealt with their respective rebellions in a poised manner that ensured the continuation of Islamic rule. Without each, the Ottomans would have undoubtedly

Employee Relations concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employee Relations concepts - Essay Example The grievance redressal procedure of an organization enables employees to air their dissatisfaction. It is important that organization has an effective grievance redressal system. This helps the organization to solve problems at the level of an individual rather than have them result in industrial unrest. Keeping track of employee grievances also helps an organization check its policies and procedures to avoid similar problems in the future and at the same time maintain good and relations with its employees. Grievances can arise out of the day-to-day working relations in an undertaking. Relations with supervisors and other colleagues also determine employee's job satisfaction. According to the National Commission on Labour, "the complaints affecting one or more individual workers in respect of their wage payments, overtime, leave, transfer, promotion, seniority, work assignment and discharge would constitute grievances." Such grievances, if not dealt with immediately and in accordance with a procedure that secures the respect of all parties, can result in climate of industrial conflict. In the absence of a grievance redressal system, an employee could either keep his dissatisfaction to himself or share it with his colleagues. ... Denial of leave, overtime or other benefits. Grievance Redressal Procedure - The Need There are a number of advantages that accrue to an organization because of its grievance redressal procedure. In the absence of a grievance redressal system, an employee could either keep his dissatisfaction to himself or share it with his colleagues. If an employee has not means of expressing his dissatisfaction, he will get frustrated and this would affect his performance. If he chooses to share his grievances with his colleagues, it could lead to unpleasantness and an unhealthy work environment. It might even lead to industrial unrest. If the settlement of the grievance at the first level does not satisfy the employee, he can approach the next level. The employee is given more than one opportunity in an effective redressal procedure. Grievance procedures keep a check on arbitrary actions. As a result, supervisors usually do not indulge in biased decisions. They are apprehensive of the employees approaching higher levels of management in order to redress their grievances. Grievance procedures help in upward communication. Employees are free to express their discontentment, problems or frustrations to the top management. By this, the top management becomes increasingly aware of the problems of the employees. Previous knowledge and experience, captured in the grievance redressal system, helps the management when formulating major plans like plant expansion or installation of latest technology. The management can take into consideration the problems that may be encountered by the employees. A good grievance redressal system helps to maintain harmonious industrial relations as employee grievances are settled before they turn into industrial conflicts. Trade

Due Diligence of PepsiCo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Due Diligence of PepsiCo - Case Study Example Today, the company has under its brand, products like Pepsi, Frito-Lay, Tropicana, Gatorade and Quaker. It has organized itself under three banners, namely, PepsiCo Americas Beverages, PepsiCo Americas Foods, and PepsiCo International. PepsiCo, as a leader in the Beverage Industry, is also very committed to its Corporate Social Responsibility and believes in giving back to the community. Its current growth strategy is 'Performance with Purpose', which lays down its commitment towards the community. It outlines PepsiCo's idea of being a leader with people's support. Apart from focusing on the larger community, PepsiCo also believes and works towards keeping its main people happy---PepsiCo's workforce is the focus of the company. The workforce receives great benefits and packages, as part of working with the leader. It is PepsiCo's way of retaining the talent pool, while also keeping them happy with the company's success. PepsiCo does not solely rely on financial rewards, packages and recognitions to keep its workforce happy. It also is well-dispositioned in terms of its commitment to diversity. The workforce at PepsiCo comprises people from different backgrounds, nationalities and ethnicities.

American Sign Language Essay Example for Free

American Sign Language Essay For years psychologists have debated and tried to find out how our individual behaviour is gained- are we born with it or do we gain it through experience? Many psychologists have tried to find ways in which they can measure if our behaviour is learnt or inherited but these psychologists have encountered problems while doing so.  One problem that psychologists have when investigating whether behaviour is learned or inherited is actually finding a task that can be given to all of the different participants. Psychologists carrying out an experiment to find out about behaviour usually have participants which are different in some way, for example different sexes, different cultures, different levels of intelligence. Deregowski conducted a cross cultural experiment to see if people from different cultures perceive pictures the same. He found that the African children spent a lot of time looking at the pen and paper as they had never before seen or used them in their life. The same task has to be given to all of the participants as the same dependant variable is being measured and this is a big problem as it decreases the reliability of the results. Another problem is that it is very difficult to separate genetics and our experience as we begin learning from the moment we are born. This makes it hard to find a task that can measure just the intelligence we are born with because as long as we are on this planet, we are constantly learning new things that make us more intelligent. Gould carried out an experiment to measure peoples native intellectual ability (the intelligence we are a born with which is unaffected by culture and educational opportunities). The experiment clearly didnt measure native intellectual ability, as you needed to know about American culture to answer the questions. Even thought the experiment was biased and favoured Americans, it is still a good example of how difficult it is to measure our native intellectual ability because Goulds aim for the experiment was to measure this but this obviously proved to be very difficult. Other psychologists have tried to measure the intellectual ability we are born with but many have began to question whether we can ever make a task that measures our native intellectual ability. The only way we come very close to separating our learned and inherited ability is if we separate two identical twins at birth and put them into different environments. We could put one into an environment where a very minimal amount of behaviour is learnt from experience. For example we could put the twin into an empty room with no contact with the outside world and hardly any human contact (somewhat like a prison). The other twin can lead a normal life by going to school, interacting with other people etc. We can then observe the two twins in later life and if their behaviour is very similar or the same, it proves that behaviour is inherited. If the twin who lived in the outside world is more developed that the twin who was shut away from the world, it would prove that our behaviour is gained through experience. This is the only ideal way to investigate whether behaviour is learned or inherited but is this method ethical? Gardner Gardner wanted to see whether a chimpanzee could communicate in American Sign Language and the only way they could investigate their aim was to treat a chimpanzee like a human and take it out of its natural habitat. They proved that a chimpanzee could communicate in ASL but the experiment was criticised by many people who thought it was unethical.